In the elastic working stage, the transmitted lateral force is less than the frictional resistance between the plates, and the relative position between the connecting plates remains unchanged. In the relative slip stage, the transmitted lateral force is greater than the friction force, and relative slip occurs between the connecting plates. The maximum slip amount is the gap between the bolt and the hole wall. In the elastic-plastic working stage, the screw contacts and squeezes the hole wall, and the shear deformation increases rapidly until the connection is finally destroyed
In addition, the shear capacity of bolted connections also involves the following failure modes:
The bolt is sheared: Failure that may occur when the diameter of the bolt is small and the plate is thick.
The hole wall is extruded and damaged: a failure that may occur when the bolt diameter is large and the plate is thin.
Plate is pulled apart: Failure that may occur when the cross-section is weakened too much.
The end of the plate is sheared: Failure that may occur if the end distance a is too small.
Bolt rod bending failure: Failure that may occur when the bolt rod is too long1.
These failure modes and stages together determine the load-carrying capacity limit of bolted connections in shear.